https://oneuptime.com/blog/tag/gateway-api?page=4&pageSize=25
Contents
GatewayAPI 2
001. GatewayAPI - 1.Cài đặt bản Standard 2
001. GatewayAPI - 1.Cài đặt bản Experimeltal 2
001. GatewayAPI - nginx từ HELM 3
001. Tạo GatewayClass 3
002. ingress2gateway 4
003. Tạo pod mẫu để test 4
TESTED-0: Create Gateway mới 4
TESTED-1 HttpRoute basic 5
TESTED-2: Tích hợp certmanager 5
TESTED-3: Multi Hostname và ssl - Basic 7
TESTED-4: ListenerSet 8
TESTED-5: Traffic Split 11
TESTED-6: Header Route 12
TESTED-7.1: Header Modify 13
TESTED-8: Method+Path route 15
TESTED-9: Path route only 16
TESTED-10 Method Route only 17
TESTED-11: Query Parameter Route 18
TESTED-12: URL rewrite 19
TESTED-13: Mirror request 20
TESTED-14 ReferenceGrant 21
TESTED-14.1: HttpRoute->Services khác namespace 21
TESTED-14.2: Gateway->Secret khác namespace 23
OK-15: ListenerSet->Secret 24
ReferenceGrant - Các ví dụ khác 25
TEST CHƯA OK-15: Increase timeout 25
TESTED-18: Redirect 301/302 26
TESTED-19: TLS Passthought 27
TESTED-20: TCP/UDP Route 29
TESTED-21: BackendTLSPolicy 30
22: CORS 32
(NOT)Ví dụ 26-A: mTLS Frontend 32
(NOT)Ví dụ 26-B: mTLS Backend 32
(NOT)Ví dụ 27: HTTP2.0 Support Backend 32
TESTED-31: basic authen 33
Nginx GW Fabric Advance 35
????-32: SnippetsFilter + SnipetsPolicies 35
ClientSettingsPolicy 38
UpstreamSettingsPolicy 38
Session-persistence 38
Authenticationfilters 38
Nginxgateways 38
nginxproxies 38
observabilitypolicies 38
proxysettingspolicies 38
ratelimitpolicies 38
snippetsfilters 38
snippetpolicies_v2 39
upstreamsettingspolicies 39
Kiến trúc GWAPI 39
Security cho GatewayAPI 40
1. Giới hạn NS cho GW và httpRoute 40
GatewayAPI
001. GatewayAPI - 1.Cài đặt bản Standard
Tham khảo trong file cilium đã viết để cài đặt
Toàn bộ tài liệu https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/getting-started/
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/get-started/#install-the-helm-chart
Kiểm tra bản mới nhất ở link này: https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/getting-started/introduction/
Bước 1: Cài CRD
wget https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/v1.5.1/standard-install.yaml
k apply -f standard-install.yaml
Bước 2: Cài gatewayclass: nginx
Bản mới nhất ở đây https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/install/helm/#installing-the-gateway-api-resources
Kiểm tra độ tương thích trước khi cài version: https://github.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric#technical-specifications
helm install ngf oci://ghcr.io/nginx/charts/nginx-gateway-fabric \
--namespace nginx-gateway \
--create-namespace \
--version 2.6.2 \
--wait
cat <<EOF > gatewayclass.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: GatewayClass
metadata:
name: nginx
spec:
controllerName: gateway.nginx.org/nginx-gateway-controller
EOF
k apply -f gatewayclass.yaml
k get gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io
001. GatewayAPI - 1.Cài đặt bản Experimeltal
Bước 1: Cài CRD với tính năng Experimental, thực chất bước này không cần cài nữa
Tìm bản mới nhất trên này https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/getting-started/introduction/ và trên này https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases
(ko cần cài, làm luôn bước 2)wget https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/v1.6.1/experimental-install.yaml
(ko cần cài, làm luôn bước 2)k apply --server-side -f experimental-install.yaml
Bước 2: Cài Nginx gateway Fabric từ link
Bản cài chính thức, đã test: https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/install/manifests/open-source-experimental/
Link git của nó: https://github.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/tree/main/config/crd/gateway-api
kubectl kustomize "https://github.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/config/crd/gateway-api/experimental?ref=v2.6.7" | kubectl apply --server-side -f –
nếu gặp lỗi thì hãy xóa
kubectl delete crd tcproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io
kubectl delete crd udproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io
backendtlspolicies.gateway.networking.k8s.io
gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io
gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io
grpcroutes.gateway.networking.k8s.
httproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.
listenersets.gateway.networking.k8s.io
referencegrants.gateway.networking.k8s.io
tcproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io
tlsroutes.gateway.networking.k8s.io
udproutes.gateway.networking.k8s.
xbackendtrafficpolicies.gateway.networking.x-k8s.io d
xmeshes.gateway.networking.x-k8s.io
Bước 3: Cài bổ xung CRD nâng cao rành riêng cho Nginx fabric
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/install/manifests/open-source-experimental/#deploy-the-custom-resource-definitions
kubectl apply --server-side -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/v2.6.7/deploy/crds.yaml
authenticationfilters.gateway.nginx.org
clientsettingspolicies.gateway.nginx.org
nginxgateways.gateway.nginx.org
nginxproxies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
observabilitypolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
proxysettingspolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
ratelimitpolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
snippetsfilters.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
snippetspolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
upstreamsettingspolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
wafpolicies.gateway.nginx.org serverside-applied
Bước 4: Cài đặt deployment
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/v2.6.7/deploy/experimental/deploy.yaml
NOTE1: vim deploy.yaml, dòng cuối
# NHỚ ĐỔI TỪ LOCAL-> CLUSTER cho svc, để vào được web
externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
k apply -f deploy.yaml
NOTE2: muốn bật snippets ta phải sửa thêm 3 chỗ là RBAC và sửa deployment
Xem file mẫu, không apply https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/main/deploy/snippets/deploy.yaml
229,230d211
< - snippetsfilters
< - snippetspolicies
245,246d225
< - snippetsfilters/status
< - snippetspolicies/status
containers:
- args:
- controller
- --gateway-ctlr-name=gateway.nginx.org/nginx-gateway-controller
...
- --leader-election-lock-name=nginx-gateway-leader-election
- --snippets
001. GatewayAPI - nginx từ HELM
Bản mới nhất ở đây https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/install/helm/#installing-the-gateway-api-resources
Kiểm tra phiên bản: https://github.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric/pkgs/container/charts%2Fnginx-gateway-fabric/versions?filters%5Bversion_type%5D=tagged
Kiểm tra độ tương thích trước khi cài version: https://github.com/nginx/nginx-gateway-fabric#technical-specifications
helm pull oci://ghcr.io/nginx/charts/nginx-gateway-fabric --version 0.0.0-edge
tar –xvzf
cd nginx-gateway-fabric
helm install ngf . \
--namespace nginx-gateway \
--create-namespace \
--wait
001. Tạo GatewayClass
cat <<EOF > gatewayclass.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: GatewayClass
metadata:
name: nginx
spec:
controllerName: gateway.nginx.org/nginx-gateway-controller
EOF
k apply -f gatewayclass.yaml
k get gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io
Để xem GatewayAPI hỗ trợ những chức năng nào, ta gõ như sau
# k get gatewayclasses.gateway.networking.k8s.io nginx -o yaml
002. ingress2gateway
wget https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/ingress2gateway/releases/download/v1.0.0/ingress2gateway_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
ingress2gateway print --providers=ingress-nginx --all-namespaces > gateway-api-manifests.yaml
ingress2gateway print --providers=ingress-nginx --input-file=./ingress1.yaml
003. Tạo pod mẫu để test
k create ns app-namespace1
k create ns app-namespace2
k -n app-namespace1 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace1 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace1 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace1 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace1 create deployment web1b --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace1 expose deployment web1b --name=svc-web1b --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace2 create deployment web2 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace2 expose deployment web2 --name=svc-web2 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
TESTED-0: Create Gateway mới
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/getting-started/simple-gateway/
***Chú ý: có thể tạo nhiều gateway, mỗi gw sẽ có 1 ip LB riêng
k create ns infra-gateway01
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=HELLO-WORLD-gateway/O=HELLO-WORLDe"
kubectl -n infra-gateway01 create secret tls default-cert --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 01.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway01
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert #chú ý phải có tạo secret ở trên
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
k apply -f 01.simple-gateway.yaml
TESTED-1 HttpRoute basic
cat << EOF > 01.simple-httproute.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: app-http
namespace: app-namespace1
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway01
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /v1/api #có thể để thành / nếu muốn route all traffic.
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1 #chú ý trùng tên svc
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 01.simple-httproute.yaml
curl -v http://test.tuan.name.vn/v1/api
curl -vk https://test.tuan.name.vn/v1/api
TESTED-2: Tích hợp certmanager
Xem mục chính CertManager, cài như bình thường
https://freedium-mirror.cfd/https://faun.pub/kubernetes-gateway-api-a-complete-step-by-step-setup-guide-397d0ff5375f
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/integrate-cert-manager/
*** Chú ý Tuấn: ở đây ta phải tạo Certificate.yaml mới, sau đó mới add vào gateway
cat << EOF > 02.certmanager-certificate.yaml
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
name: test-tuan-name-vn-tls
namespace: nginx-gateway
spec:
secretName: test-tuan-name-vn-tls-secret
duration: 2160h # 90 ngày
renewBefore: 360h # Tự Gia hạn trước khi hết hạn 15 ngày (360 giờ)
issuerRef:
name: letsencrypt-stag
kind: ClusterIssuer
commonName: test.tuan.name.vn
dnsNames: #có hỗ trợ multi ssl trên cùng 1 ssl file
- test.tuan.name.vn
EOF
cat << EOF > 02.certmanager-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway
namespace: nginx-gateway
annotations:
# Tùy chọn: Một số controller dùng annotation này để tự động map cert
cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-stag
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https-test-tuan-name-vn
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: "test.tuan.name.vn"
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: test-tuan-name-vn-tls-secret
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
cat << EOF > 02.certmanager-httproute.yaml
# HTTP
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: app-web1-http-redirect
namespace: app-namespace1
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: nginx-gateway
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- filters:
- type: RequestRedirect
requestRedirect:
scheme: https
statusCode: 302 # Chuyển hướng tạm thời 302 sang 443
---
# HTTPS
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: app-web1-https-route
namespace: app-namespace1
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway
namespace: nginx-gateway
sectionName: https-test-tuan-name-vn # Khớp với 'name' của listener 443 trong Gateway
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1 #chú ý trùng tên svc
port: 80
EOF
Kết quả:
curl -v http://test.tuan.name.vn
#< HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
#< Location: https://test.tuan.name.vn/
curl -v https://test.tuan.name.vn
#* subject: CN=test.tuan.name.vn
#* start date: May 1 16:43:03 2026 GMT
#* expire date: Jul 30 16:43:02 2026 GMT
#* issuer: C=US; O=(STAGING) Let's Encrypt; CN=(STAGING) Tenuous Tomato R13
TESTED-3: Multi Hostname và ssl - Basic
k create ns infra-gateway03
k create ns app-namespace1
k create ns app-namespace2
k -n infra-gateway03 delete secret default-cert-domain1
k -n infra-gateway03 delete secret default-cert-domain2
k -n infra-gateway03 delete secret default-cert
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls1.key -out tls1.crt -subj "/CN=*.domain1.com/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl create secret tls default-cert-domain1 --key tls1.key --cert tls1.crt -n infra-gateway03
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls2.key -out tls2.crt -subj "/CN=*.domain2.com/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl create secret tls default-cert-domain2 --key tls2.key --cert tls2.crt -n infra-gateway03
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=default-gateway/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl create secret tls default-cert --key tls.key --cert tls.crt -n infra-gateway03
cat << EOF > 03.multi-wildcard.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: wildcard-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway03
annotations:
cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80 # Đây là default
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443 # Đây là default
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https-wildcard-domain1
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: "*.domain1.com"
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert-domain1
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https-wildcard-domain2
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: "*.domain2.com"
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert-domain2
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: app1-domain1-route
namespace: app-namespace1
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: wildcard-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway03
sectionName: https-wildcard-domain1 # Gắn đúng vào listener của domain1
hostnames:
- "app1.domain1.com" # Chỉ định subdomain cụ thể
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: app22-domain1-route
namespace: app-namespace2
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: wildcard-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway03
sectionName: https-wildcard-domain2 # Gắn đúng vào listener của domain1
hostnames:
- "app2.domain2.com" # Chỉ định subdomain cụ thể
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web2
port: 80
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k apply -f 03.multi-wildcard.yaml
curl --resolve app1.domain1.com:443:192.168.88.151 -vk https://app1.domain1.com
* subject: CN=*.domain1.com; O=Default Certificate
curl --resolve app2.domain2.com:443:192.168.88.151 -vk https://app2.domain2.com
* subject: CN=*.domain2.com; O=Default Certificate
TESTED-4: ListenerSet
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/user-guides/listener-set/
Cách tiếp cận này giúp bạn giải quyết 2 vấn đề lớn:
• Phân quyền (Self-service): Đội Platform chỉ cần quản lý 1 Gateway dùng chung. Từng đội phát triển ứng dụng ở các namespace khác nhau tự tạo ListenerSet để cài đặt domain và SSL của riêng họ.
• Vượt giới hạn: Giúp cluster phá vỡ giới hạn cứng 64 listeners trên một Gateway duy nhất của Kubernetes.
k delete ns team-1-ns ; k create ns team-1-ns
k delete ns team-2-ns ; k create ns team-2-ns
k delete ns infra-gateway04 ; k create ns infra-gateway04
kubectl create deployment team-1-app -n team-1-ns --image=traefik/whoami --port=80
kubectl expose deployment team-1-app -n team-1-ns --name=team-1-service --port=80 --target-port=80
kubectl create deployment team-2-app -n team-2-ns --image=traefik/whoami --port=80
kubectl expose deployment team-2-app -n team-2-ns --name=team-2-service --port=80 --target-port=80
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls3.key -out tls3.crt -subj "/CN=*.first.foo.com/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl create secret tls first-workload-cert --key tls3.key --cert tls3.crt -n team-1-ns
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls4.key -out tls4.crt -subj "/CN=*.second.foo.com/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl create secret tls second-workload-cert --key tls4.key --cert tls4.crt -n team-2-ns
cat << EOF > 04.listerner-set.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: shared-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway04
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
allowedListeners:
namespaces:
from: All
listeners:
- name: foo
hostname: foo.com
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: ListenerSet
metadata:
name: first-workload-listeners
namespace: team-1-ns
spec:
parentRef:
namespace: infra-gateway04
name: shared-gateway
kind: Gateway
group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
listeners:
- name: first
hostname: "*.first.foo.com"
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- kind: Secret
group: ""
name: first-workload-cert
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: ListenerSet
metadata:
name: second-workload-listeners
namespace: team-2-ns
spec:
parentRef:
namespace: infra-gateway04
name: shared-gateway
kind: Gateway
group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
listeners:
- name: second
hostname: "*.second.foo.com"
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- kind: Secret
group: ""
name: second-workload-cert
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k apply -f 04.listerner-set.yaml
sleep 5
k get gateway -A
k get listenersets.gateway.networking.k8s.io –A
k get svc –A
cat << EOF > 041.httproute.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: team-1-route
namespace: team-1-ns # Đặt cùng namespace với ListenerSet của Team 1
spec:
parentRefs:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: ListenerSet # <--- Bắt buộc chỉ định là ListenerSet thay vì Gateway
name: first-workload-listeners # Tên của ListenerSet tương ứng
sectionName: first # Tên listener bên trong ListenerSet đó
hostnames:
- "*.first.foo.com"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: team-1-service # Service backend nằm trong team-1-ns
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: team-2-route
namespace: team-2-ns # Đặt cùng namespace với ListenerSet của Team 2
spec:
parentRefs:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: ListenerSet # <--- Chỉ định ListenerSet làm cha
name: second-workload-listeners
sectionName: second
hostnames:
- "*.second.foo.com"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: team-2-service # Service backend nằm trong team-2-ns
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 041.httproute.yaml
curl -vk --resolve test.first.foo.com:443:192.168.88.152 https://test.first.foo.com
* issuer: CN=*.first.foo.com; O=Default Certificate
curl -vk --resolve test.second.foo.com:443:192.168.88.152 https://test.second.foo.com
* issuer: CN=*.second.foo.com; O=Default Certificate
Xóa rác sau khi test
k delete ns infra-gateway ; k delete ns team-1-ns ; k delete ns team-2-ns
TESTED-5: Traffic Split
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/traffic-splitting/
k create ns app-namespace05
k -n app-namespace05 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace05 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace05 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace05 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 05.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway05
namespace: infra-gateway05
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
k create ns infra-gateway05
k apply -f 05.simple-gateway.yaml
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
cat << EOF > 05.traffic-splitting-httproute.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: demo-route-split
namespace: app-namespace05
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway05 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway05
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /test5
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1 #đây là svc1 của pod1
port: 80
weight: 75
- name: svc-web1a #đây là svc2 của pod1
port: 80
weight: 25
EOF
k create ns app-namespace05
k apply -f 05.traffic-splitting-httproute.yaml
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.153 http://test.tuan.name.vn/test5
# Run multiple requests
for i in {1..20}; do
curl -s --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.153 http://test.tuan.name.vn/test5| grep Hostname;
done
nên ưu tiên chia traffic như tỉ lệ sau
TESTED-6: Header Route
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/traffic-splitting/#canary-traffic-rollout
k create ns app-namespace06
k -n app-namespace06 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace06 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace06 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace06 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 06.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway06
namespace: infra-gateway06
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway06
k apply -f 06.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 06.traffic-splitting-header-route.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: demo-route-headers
namespace: app-namespace06
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway06 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway06
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /test6
headers:
- name: version #vị trí header nằm ở đây version=v2
value: v2
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1a
port: 80
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /test6
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k create ns app-namespace06
k apply -f 06.traffic-splitting-header-route.yaml
# Default request goes to v1
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.154 http://test.tuan.name.vn/test6
Hostname: web1-888886b4d-tg4jv
# Request with header goes to v2
curl -H "version: v2" --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.154 http://test.tuan.name.vn/test6
Hostname: web1-888886b4d-t6rbg
Kết quả cho ta thấy khi thêm Header thì sẽ route sang 1 pod khác
Ví dụ khác về header route #tham khảo, chưa test
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-httproute-traffic-routing/view
# httproute-headers.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: header-routing
namespace: default
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: http-gateway
hostnames:
- "example.com"
rules:
# Route mobile users to mobile backend
- matches:
- headers:
- name: User-Agent
type: RegularExpression
value: ".*(Mobile|Android|iPhone).*"
backendRefs:
- name: mobile-service
port: 8080
# Route beta users to canary backend
- matches:
- headers:
- name: X-Beta-User
type: Exact
value: "true"
backendRefs:
- name: canary-service
port: 8080
# Default backend
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/"
backendRefs:
- name: stable-service
port: 8080
TESTED-7.1: Header Modify
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/http-header-modifier/
k create ns app-namespace07
k -n app-namespace07 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace07 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace07 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace07 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 07.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway07
namespace: infra-gateway07
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway07
k apply -f 07.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 07.http-header-modifier.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: header-manipulation-route
namespace: app-namespace07 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway07 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway07
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /test7
# 🛠️ CẤU HÌNH THAO TÁC VỚI HEADER NẰM Ở ĐÂY
filters:
# 1. Thao tác với REQUEST HEADERS (Gửi từ Client -> Backend)
- type: RequestHeaderModifier
requestHeaderModifier:
# Thêm header mới (Nếu đã tồn tại sẽ bị ghi đè)
set:
- name: X-Environment-Type
value: "Production"
# Cộng dồn thêm giá trị vào header đã có
add:
- name: X-Forwarded-For-Custom
value: "nginx-fabric-gateway"
# Xóa bỏ header nhạy cảm trước khi đẩy vào Backend
remove:
- "X-Internal-Secret"
- "Authorization-Debug"
# 2. Thao tác với RESPONSE HEADERS (Trả từ Backend -> Client)
- type: ResponseHeaderModifier
responseHeaderModifier:
# Thêm header chuẩn bảo mật cho Client
set:
- name: Strict-Transport-Security
value: "max-age=999999; includeSubDomains"
- name: X-Frame-Options
value: "DENY"
# Thêm thông tin định danh hệ thống
add:
- name: Server-Trace
value: "gateway-node-01xxxx"
# Ẩn bớt các header lộ thông tin hệ thống backend
remove:
- "X-Powered-By"
- "X-AspNet-Version"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 07.http-header-modifier.yaml
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -v http://test.tuan.name.vn/test7
< Server-Trace: gateway-node-01xxxx
< Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=999999; includeSubDomains
#Header resposne mới đã được thêm vào.
TESTED-8: Method+Path route
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/http-method-matching/
• A POST request to /v8/api will be routed to infra-backend-v1.
• A GET request to /v8/api will be routed to infra-backend-v2.
k create ns app-namespace08
k -n app-namespace08 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace08 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace08 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace08 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 08.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway08
namespace: infra-gateway08
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway08
k apply -f 08.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 08.http-method-matching.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: method-and-path-matching
namespace: app-namespace08
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway08
namespace: infra-gateway08
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
# Quy tắc 1: Phải là POST VÀ đường dẫn bắt đầu bằng /v8/api
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /v8/api
method: POST
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
# Quy tắc 2: Phải là GET VÀ đường dẫn bắt đầu bằng /v8/api
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /v8/api
method: GET
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1a
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 08.http-method-matching.yaml
Kiểm tra
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.151 -v -XGET test.tuan.name.vn/v8/api
Hostname: web1a-d5f6f44bf-nzl4d
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.151 -v -XPOST test.tuan.name.vn/v8/api
Hostname: web1-84c9884bbb-7mmb8
k delete -f 08.http-method-matching.yaml
k delete ns app-namespace08
k delete ns infra-gateway08
TESTED-9: Path route only
k create ns app-namespace09
k -n app-namespace09 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace09 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace09 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace09 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 09.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway09
namespace: infra-gateway09
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway09
k apply -f 09.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 09.path-route-only.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: demo-route-paths
namespace: app-namespace09 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway09 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway09
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /v1a
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1a
port: 80
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 09.path-route-only.yaml
Kiểm tra
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -v test.tuan.name.vn
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -v test.tuan.name.vn/v1a
k delete -f 09.path-route-only.yaml
k delete ns app-namespace09
k delete ns infra-gateway09
TESTED-10 Method Route only
k create ns app-namespace10
k -n app-namespace10 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace10 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace10 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace10 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 10.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway10
namespace: infra-gateway10
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway10
k apply -f 10.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 10.method-route-only.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: method-matching
namespace: app-namespace10 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway10 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway10
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- method: POST
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
- matches:
- method: GET
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1a
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 10.method-route-only.yaml
curl -XPOST --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -v test.tuan.name.vn
Hostname: web1-84c9884bbb-75lgc
curl -XGET --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -v test.tuan.name.vn/v1a
Hostname: web1a-d5f6f44bf-dkl6x
k delete -f 10.method-route-only.yaml
k delete ns app-namespace10
k delete ns infra-gateway10
TESTED-11: Query Parameter Route
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/http-query-param-matching/
k create ns app-namespace11
k -n app-namespace11 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace11 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace11 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace11 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace11 create deployment web1b --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace11 expose deployment web1b --name=svc-web1b --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 11.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway11
namespace: infra-gateway11
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway11
k apply -f 11.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 11.httproute-query-params.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: query-routing
namespace: app-namespace11 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway11 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway11
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
# Route debug requests to debug backend
- matches:
- queryParams:
- name: debug
type: Exact
value: "true"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1a
port: 80
# Route specific API versions
- matches:
- queryParams:
- name: api_version
type: Exact
value: "2.0"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1b
port: 80
# Default routing
- backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 11.httproute-query-params.yaml
Kiểm tra
Nguyên lý
grep -r 'api_version' /etc/nginx/conf.d/matches.json
{"1_0":[{"redirectPath":"/_ngf-internal-rule0-route0","params":["debug=Exact=true"]},{"redirectPath":"/_ngf-internal-rule0-route1","params":["api_version=Exact=2.0"]},{"redirectPath":"/_ngf-internal-rule0-route2","any":true}]}
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/v1a?debug=true
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/v1a?debug=api_version=2.0
k delete -f 11.httproute-query-params.yaml
k delete ns app-namespace11
k delete ns infra-gateway11
TESTED-12: URL rewrite
k create ns app-namespace12
k -n app-namespace12 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace12 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace12 create deployment web1a --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace12 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 12.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway12
namespace: infra-gateway12
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway12
k apply -f 12.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 12.httproute-url-rewrite.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: url-rewrite
namespace: app-namespace12 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway12 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway12
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
# Rewrite /v1/api/* to /api/*
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/v1/api"
filters:
- type: URLRewrite
urlRewrite:
path:
type: ReplacePrefixMatch
replacePrefixMatch: "/api"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
# Rewrite /old-path to /new-path
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/old-path"
filters:
- type: URLRewrite
urlRewrite:
path:
type: ReplaceFullPath
replaceFullPath: "/new-path"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 12.httproute-url-rewrite.yaml
k delete -f 12.httproute-url-rewrite.yaml
k delete ns app-namespace12
k delete ns infra-gateway12
Kiểm tra
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/v1/api/111
#Hostname: web1-888886b4d-tg4jv
#GET /api/111 HTTP/1.1 <- đây là kết quả pod đang hiển thị
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/old-path
#Hostname: web1-888886b4d-tg4jv
#GET /new-path HTTP/1.1 <- đây là kết quả pod đang hiển thị
k delete -f 12.httproute-url-rewrite.yaml
TESTED-13: Mirror request
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/http-request-mirroring/
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/mirror/
k create ns app-namespace13
k -n app-namespace13 create deployment web1 --image=nginx:alpine --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace13 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace13 create deployment web1a --image=nginx:alpine --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace13 expose deployment web1a --name=svc-web1a --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 13.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway13
namespace: infra-gateway13
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway13
k apply -f 13.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 13.httproute-mirroring.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: traffic-mirroring
namespace: app-namespace13
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway13 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway13
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/"
backendRefs:
# Primary backend main pod
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
filters:
# Mirror to debug-pod
- type: RequestMirror
requestMirror:
backendRef:
name: svc-web1a
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 13.httproute-mirroring.yaml
Kiểm tra
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/
k -n app-namespace1 logs web1a-xxxxxxxxxx
#Ta thấy ở đây web1a cũng nhận được request tương tự
172.31.180.212 - - [01/Aug/2026:13:39:05 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 896 "-" "curl/8.5.0" "192.168.88.14"
172.31.180.212 - - [01/Aug/2026:13:39:10 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 896 "-" "curl/8.5.0" "192.168.88.14"
k delete -f 13.httproute-mirroring.yaml
TESTED-14 ReferenceGrant
TESTED-14.1: HttpRoute->Services khác namespace
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-gateway-api-referencegrant-cross-namespace/view
Kịch bản là tạo HTTPRoute với 1 số /path đặc biệt: từ namespace AAA nhưng lại trỏ vào SVC của namespace BBB. Ta cần khai báo ReferenceGrant
Tạo gateway
k create ns infra-gateway141
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=HELLO-WORLD-gateway/O=HELLO-WORLDe"
kubectl -n infra-gateway141 create secret tls default-cert --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 14.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway141
namespace: infra-gateway141
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k apply -f 14.simple-gateway.yaml
k create ns app-namespace14-aaa
k create ns app-namespace14-bbb
k -n app-namespace14-aaa create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace14-aaa expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace14-bbb create deployment web1b --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace14-bbb expose deployment web1b --name=svc-web1b --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace14-bbb create deployment web1c --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace14-bbb expose deployment web1c --name=svc-web1c --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 14.1.httproute-cross-namespace.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: cross-namespace-route
namespace: app-namespace14-aaa
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway141
namespace: infra-gateway141
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/api-bbb"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1b
namespace: app-namespace14-bbb
port: 80
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/api-aaa"
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
namespace: app-namespace14-aaa
port: 80
---
# ReferenceGrant allowing cross-namespace reference
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ReferenceGrant
metadata:
name: allow-frontend-to-backend
namespace: app-namespace14-bbb
spec:
from:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: HTTPRoute
namespace: app-namespace14-aaa
to:
- group: ""
kind: Service
name: svc-web1b
- group: ""
kind: Service
name: svc-web1c
EOF
k apply -f 14.1.httproute-cross-namespace.yaml
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/api-bbb
Hostname: web1b-78f579969d-fv7st
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/api-aaa
Hostname: web1-84c9884bbb-2dgk6
k -n app-namespace14-bbb delete referencegrants.gateway.networking.k8s.io allow-frontend-to-backend
Không gọi được nữa
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 test.tuan.name.vn/api-bbb
<center><h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1></center>
k delete ns app-namespace14-aaa
k delete ns app-namespace14-bbb
TESTED-14.2: Gateway->Secret khác namespace
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-gateway-api-referencegrant-cross-namespace/view
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/tls/#cross-namespace-certificate-references
# Certificate in certs namespace
k create ns app-namespace142
k create ns infra-gateway142
k -n app-namespace142 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace142 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=*.tuan.name.vn/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl -n app-namespace142 create secret tls ssl-web1 --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 142.cross-secret-referenceGrant.yaml
# Grant access from infrastructure namespace
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ReferenceGrant
metadata:
name: allow-gateway-to-certs
namespace: app-namespace142
spec:
from:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: Gateway
namespace: infra-gateway142
to:
- group: ""
kind: Secret
name: ssl-web1
EOF
k apply -f 142.cross-secret-referenceGrant.yaml
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=*.default.vn/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl -n infra-gateway142 create secret tls ssl-web1 --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 142.cross-secret.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway142
namespace: infra-gateway142
annotations:
cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80 # Đây là default
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443 # Đây là default
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: default-cert
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
- name: https-wildcard-domain1
protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: "*.tuan.name.vn"
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRefs:
- name: ssl-web1
namespace: app-namespace142
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: tes-cross-secret
namespace: app-namespace142
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: wildcard-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway03
sectionName: https-wildcard-domain1 # Gắn đúng vào listener của domain1
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn" # Chỉ định subdomain cụ thể
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k apply -f 142.cross-secret.yaml
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 -vk https://test.tuan.name.vn
* subject: CN=*.tuan.name.vn; O=Default Certificate
# Thực hiện xóa referenceGrant, Thì sẽ không gọi được nữa.
k -n app-namespace142 delete referencegrants.gateway.networking.k8s.io allow-gateway-to-certs
root@cicd:~/gatewayapi# curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 -vk https://test.tuan.name.vn
* Added test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 to DNS cache
* Hostname test.tuan.name.vn was found in DNS cache
* Trying 192.168.88.150:443...
* connect to 192.168.88.150 port 443 from 192.168.88.20 port 59690 failed: Connection refused
* Failed to connect to test.tuan.name.vn port 443 after 1 ms: Couldn't connect to server
* Closing connection
curl: (7) Failed to connect to test.tuan.name.vn port 443 after 1 ms: Couldn't connect to server
* subject: CN=*.domain2.com; O=Default Certificate
OK-15: ListenerSet->Secret
Tương tự giống Gateway đọc Secret
Trường hợp này dành cho việc ListenerSet đặt ở 1 namespace khác với Secret.
Nhưng không cần thiết làm như này cho lắm. Vì tiêu chuẩn google thiết kê theo mô hình sau:
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/user-guides/listener-set/
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ReferenceGrant
metadata:
name: allow-teams-to-access-certs
namespace: xxxx # <--- PHẢI đặt tại Namespace CHỨA tài nguyên đích (Secret)
spec:
from:
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: ListenerSet
namespace: yyyy # <--- PHẢI đặt tại Namespace CHỨA ListenerSet
- group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: ListenerSet
namespace: zzzz # <--- PHẢI đặt tại Namespace CHỨA ListenerSet
to:
- group: ""
kind: Secret # Tài nguyên được phép truy cập chéo
ReferenceGrant - Các ví dụ khác
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-gateway-api-referencegrant-cross-namespace/view
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-cross-namespace-referencegrant/view#multi-tenant-gateway-architecture
TEST CHƯA OK-15: Increase timeout
All of timeout Gateway Api https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-httproute-timeout-policies/view#graceful-timeout-handling
Đầu tiên ta tạo 1 web bằng python sleep 10 giây trễ mới trả lời client mesages.
k create ns app-namespace15
cat << EOF > 15.deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: api-delay-python
namespace: app-namespace15
labels:
app: api-delay
spec:
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: api-delay
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: api-delay
spec:
containers:
- name: python-server
image: python:3.10-alpine
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
command: ["python3", "-c"]
args:
- |
import http.server
import time
class DelayedHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
# Ép hệ thống dừng đúng 3 giây trước khi xử lý tiếp
time.sleep(10)
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header("Content-type", "application/json")
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(b'{"status": "success", "message": "Delayed by 10 seconds"}')
server = http.server.HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 8080), DelayedHandler)
print("Server đang chạy tại port 8080...")
server.serve_forever()
EOF
k apply -f 15.deployment.yaml
k -n app-namespace15 expose deployment api-delay-python --name=svc-web1 --port=8080 --target-port=8080 --type=ClusterIP
k -n app-namespace15 expose deployment api-delay-python --name=svc-web2 --port=8080 --target-port=8080 --type=LoadBalancer
curl 192.168.88.151:8080
#{"status": "success", "message": "Delayed by 10 seconds"}
k -n app-namespace15 delete svc svc-web2
cat << EOF > 15.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway15
namespace: infra-gateway15
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway15
k apply -f 15.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 15.httproute-timeouts.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: timeout-configuration
namespace: app-namespace15 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway15 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway15
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
# Fast endpoints with short timeout
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/health"
timeouts:
request: 10s # Tổng thời gian request tối đa
backendRequest: 2s # Thời gian chờ Backend phản hồi (tương tự proxy_read_timeout)
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 8080
# Slow endpoints with longer timeout
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: "/reports"
timeouts:
request: 60s
backendRequest: 55s
backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 8080
EOF
k apply -f 15.httproute-timeouts.yaml
Test
curl -w '\n\n Thoi Gian Phan Hoi La: %{time_total} giay\n' -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.152 http://test.tuan.name.vn/health
Thoi Gian Phan Hoi La: 10.016382 giay
curl -w '\n\n Thoi Gian Phan Hoi La: %{time_total} giay\n' -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.152 http://test.tuan.name.vn/reports
Thoi Gian Phan Hoi La: 10.016382 giay
k delete ns app-namespace15
k delete ns infra-gateway15
TESTED-18: Redirect 301/302
k create ns app-namespace18
k -n app-namespace18 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace18 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 18.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway18
namespace: infra-gateway18
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
EOF
# Mục đích tạo thêm gw để dễ test. Còn thực tế gateway sẽ dùng chung
k create ns infra-gateway18
k apply -f 18.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 18.httproute-redirect.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: redirect-example
namespace: app-namespace18 # Namespace chứa ứng dụng của bạn
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: my-gateway18 #chú ý trùng tên gateway
namespace: infra-gateway18
sectionName: http #chú ý trùng tên section
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn" #Ta có thể bỏ hostnames để redirect https cho toàn bộ GW
rules:
# Redirect to new domain
- filters:
- type: RequestRedirect
requestRedirect:
hostname: test.tuan.name.vn
statusCode: 302
scheme: https
EOF
k apply -f 18.httproute-redirect.yaml
Kết quả
curl --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:80:192.168.88.150 -vk http://test.tuan.name.vn
< HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Permanently
< Location: https://test.tuan.name.vn/
TESTED-19: TLS Passthought
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-gateway-api-tlsroute-passthrough-tls/view
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-tlsroute-passthrough/view
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/tls-routing/
Cách hoạt động: Gateway hoàn toàn không giải mã dữ liệu. Nó chỉ đọc trường SNI (Server Name Indication) trong thông điệp TLS ClientHello của client để biết request muốn gửi tới domain nào, sau đó chuyển tiếp nguyên vẹn luồng traffic đã mã hóa xuống backend.
• Yêu cầu: Việc giải mã TLS và quản lý chứng chỉ hoàn toàn do chính dịch vụ backend đảm nhận. Tầng Gateway điều hướng bằng tài nguyên TLSRoute thay vì HTTPRoute.
Tiêu chí TLS Passthrough (Chuyển tiếp) TLS Termination (Chấm dứt)
Bảo mật Bảo mật End-to-End tuyệt đối. Khóa bí mật nằm tại Pod ứng dụng, không bị lộ ra tầng Gateway chung. Tập trung khóa bí mật tại Gateway. Nếu Gateway bị tấn công, toàn bộ traffic của các ứng dụng có thể bị lộ.
Quản lý Cert Phân tán: Các đội phát triển tự quản lý chứng chỉ trên từng ứng dụng của họ. Tập trung: Đội hạ tầng quản lý toàn bộ chứng chỉ tại Gateway.
Hiệu năng Rất cao & Độ trễ thấp: Gateway không tốn tài nguyên CPU để giải mã/mã hóa lại dữ liệu. Tốn tài nguyên CPU của Gateway để xử lý quá trình bắt tay (handshake) và giải mã liên tục.
Khả năng Định tuyến Hạn chế: Chỉ có thể định tuyến dựa trên tên miền (SNI). Không thể đọc Header, Path (/api), hay Cookie. Linh hoạt (Layer 7): Có thể định tuyến nâng cao dựa vào Cookie, HTTP Headers, Method, hoặc các đường dẫn cụ thể.
An toàn (WAF/Ghi log) Kém: Gateway không thể kiểm tra mã độc hay áp dụng luật bảo mật WAF do dữ liệu bị mã hóa hoàn toàn. Tốt: Dễ dàng ghi log chi tiết URL, kiểm tra các lỗ hổng bảo mật trực tiếp tại tầng Gateway.
Bước 1 . Chuẩn bị deployment, configmaps, sefcret
k create ns app-namespace19
cat << EOF > 19.configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: nginx-config
namespace: app-namespace19
data:
nginx.conf: |
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
# Tự động chuyển hướng từ HTTP sang HTTPS (Tùy chọn)
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/tls.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/tls.key;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
EOF
k apply -f 19.configmap.yaml
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=*.tuan.name.vn/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl -n app-namespace19 create secret tls nginx-ssl-secret --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 19.deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
namespace: app-namespace19
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: http
- containerPort: 443
name: https
volumeMounts:
# Gắn file cấu hình NGINX vào container
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
subPath: nginx.conf
# Gắn chứng chỉ SSL từ Secret vào container
- name: ssl-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/ssl
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: nginx-config
- name: ssl-volume
secret:
secretName: nginx-ssl-secret
EOF
k apply -f 19.deployment.yaml
kubectl -n app-namespace19 expose deployment nginx-deployment --name=nginx-service-http --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
kubectl -n app-namespace19 expose deployment nginx-deployment --name=nginx-service-https --port=443 --target-port=443 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 19.gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: nginx-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway19
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: tls-passthrough-listener
protocol: TLS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Passthrough
allowedRoutes:
kinds:
- kind: TLSRoute
namespaces:
from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: TLSRoute
metadata:
name: nginx-tls-route
namespace: app-namespace19
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: nginx-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway19
sectionName: tls-passthrough-listener
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- backendRefs:
- name: nginx-service-https
port: 443
EOF
k create ns infra-gateway19
k apply -f 19.gateway.yaml
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 https://test.tuan.name.vn
* subject: CN=*.tuan.name.vn; O=Default Certificate
TESTED-20: TCP/UDP Route
https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-gateway-api-tcproute-udproute-layer4/view
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/tcp/
k create ns app-namespace20
k -n app-namespace20 create deployment web1 --image=traefik/whoami --replicas=1
k -n app-namespace20 expose deployment web1 --name=svc-web1 --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
cat << EOF > 20.gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: shared-tcp-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway20
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: tcp-web-listener
protocol: TCP
port: 8080
allowedRoutes:
kinds:
- kind: TCPRoute
namespaces:
from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: TCPRoute
metadata:
name: web1-tcp-route
namespace: app-namespace20
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: shared-tcp-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway20
sectionName: tcp-web-listener
rules:
- backendRefs:
- name: svc-web1
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 20.gateway.yaml
k create ns infra-gateway20
curl 192.168.88.150:8080
Hostname: web1-84c9884bbb-2q882
TESTED-21: BackendTLSPolicy
Việc dùng BackendTLSPolicy là cho trường hợp backend đằng sau có SSL
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/api-types/backendtlspolicy/#:~:text=are%20not%20allowed.-,WellKnownCACertificates,of%20choice%20for%20more%20information.
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/tls/#using-system-certificates
k create ns app-namespace21
cat << EOF > 21.configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: nginx-config
namespace: app-namespace21
data:
nginx.conf: |
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
# Tự động chuyển hướng từ HTTP sang HTTPS (Tùy chọn)
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name test.tuan.name.vn;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/tls.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/tls.key;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
EOF
k apply -f 21.configmap.yaml
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=*.tuan.name.vn/O=Default Certificate"
kubectl -n app-namespace21 create secret tls nginx-ssl-secret --key tls.key --cert tls.crt
cat << EOF > 21.deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
namespace: app-namespace21
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: http
- containerPort: 443
name: https
volumeMounts:
# Gắn file cấu hình NGINX vào container
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
subPath: nginx.conf
# Gắn chứng chỉ SSL từ Secret vào container
- name: ssl-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/ssl
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: nginx-config
- name: ssl-volume
secret:
secretName: nginx-ssl-secret
EOF
k apply -f 21.deployment.yaml
kubectl -n app-namespace21 expose deployment nginx-deployment --name=nginx-service-http --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=ClusterIP
kubectl -n app-namespace21 expose deployment nginx-deployment --name=nginx-service-https --port=443 --target-port=443 --type=ClusterIP
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: external-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway21
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http-listener
protocol: HTTP
port: 80
allowedRoutes:
namespaces:
from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: nginx-http-route
namespace: app-namespace21
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: external-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway21
sectionName: http-listener
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- backendRefs:
- name: nginx-service-https
port: 443
Lựa chọn 1 trong 2 cách:
CÁCH 1:
# Chú ý cert của deployment nên là cert xịn, nếu cert đểu thì gọi lỗi 502 bad gateway
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: BackendTLSPolicy
metadata:
name: gateway-to-backend-tls
namespace: app-namespace21
spec:
targetRefs:
- group: ""
kind: Service
name: nginx-service-https
validation:
hostname: "test.tuan.name.vn"
wellKnownCACertificates: System
CÁCH 2: Nếu cert là đểu, thì dùng cách này
# CHÚ Ý: BACKEND TLS không được tạo từ Secret, Mà phải được tạo từ configmap
kubectl get secret nginx-ssl-secret -n app-namespace21 -o jsonpath='{.data.tls\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt
kubectl create configmap nginx-ca-cert --from-file=ca.crt=ca.crt -n app-namespace21
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: BackendTLSPolicy
metadata:
name: nginx-backend-tls-policy
namespace: app-namespace21
spec:
targetRefs:
- group: ""
kind: Service
name: nginx-service-https
validation:
caCertificateRefs:
- group: ""
kind: ConfigMap
name: nginx-ca-cert
hostname: test.tuan.name.vn
22: CORS
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/http-cors/
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/cors/
Cần nghiên cứu thêm
(NOT)Ví dụ 26-A: mTLS Frontend
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/tls/#basic-client-validation
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/client-validation/
(NOT)Ví dụ 26-B: mTLS Backend
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/secure-backend/
(NOT)Ví dụ 27: HTTP2.0 Support Backend
https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/guides/backend-protocol/
TESTED-31: basic authen
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/basic-authentication/
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-security/integrate-cert-manager/
k create ns infra-gateway31
cat << EOF > 31.deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: coffee
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: coffee
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: coffee
spec:
containers:
- name: coffee
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: coffee
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: coffee
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tea
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: tea
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: tea
spec:
containers:
- name: tea
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: tea
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: tea
EOF
k -n infra-gateway31 apply -f 31.deployment.yaml
cat << EOF > 31.simple-gateway.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: cafe-gateway
namespace: infra-gateway31
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
port: 80
protocol: HTTP
hostname: "test.tuan.name.vn"
EOF
k apply -f 31.simple-gateway.yaml
cat << EOF > 31.secret.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: basic-auth
namespace: infra-gateway31
type: nginx.org/htpasswd
data:
# Base64 of "htpasswd -bn user1 password1"
auth: dXNlcjE6JGFwcjEkWEFKeU5yekgkY0Rjdy9YMVBCZTFmTjltQVBweXpxMA==
---
apiVersion: gateway.nginx.org/v1alpha1
kind: AuthenticationFilter
metadata:
name: basic-auth
namespace: infra-gateway31
spec:
type: Basic
basic:
secretRef:
name: basic-auth
realm: "Restricted basic-auth"
EOF
k apply -f 31.secret.yaml
cat << EOF > 31.httproute.yaml
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: cafe-routes
namespace: infra-gateway31
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: cafe-gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /coffee
backendRefs:
- name: coffee
port: 80
filters:
- type: ExtensionRef
extensionRef:
group: gateway.nginx.org
kind: AuthenticationFilter
name: basic-auth
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /tea
backendRefs:
- name: tea
port: 80
EOF
k apply -f 31.httproute.yaml
Test:
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee
< HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
<head><title>401 Authorization Required</title></head>
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee -u user1:password1
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/tea
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Ta có thể vào pod nginx-gateway để kiểm tra config như ssau:
location = /coffee {
auth_basic "Restricted basic-auth";
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/secrets/basic_auth_infra-gateway31_basic-auth;
cat /etc/nginx/secrets/basic_auth_infra-gateway31_basic-auth
user1:$apr1$XAJyNrzH$cDcw/X1PBe1fN9mAPpyzq0
Nginx GW Fabric Advance
????-32: SnippetsFilter + SnipetsPolicies
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/snippets/
Tiêu chí phân biệt SnippetsFilter SnippetsPolicy
Bản chất tài nguyên Hoạt động như một Filter (Bộ lọc tuyến đường). Hoạt động như một Direct Policy Attachment (Chính sách đính kèm trực tiếp).
Phạm vi tác động (Scope) Cục bộ (Local) - Chỉ ảnh hưởng tới một Rule cụ thể trong Route. Toàn cục (Global) - Ảnh hưởng tới toàn bộ Gateway và tất cả Route thuộc Gateway đó.
Đối tượng gắn kết (target) Gắn bên trong mảng filters của tài nguyên HTTPRoute hoặc GRPCRoute. Gắn qua trường targetRefs chỉ định trực tiếp đến một hoặc nhiều tài nguyên Gateway.
Mục đích sử dụng chính Thay thế cho các annotation dạng Proxy cũ trên từng Endpoint (như chỉnh timeout websocket, bật/tắt buffer cho 1 API). Thiết lập cấu hình mặc định, dùng chung cho toàn bộ Gateway (như cấu hình SSL parameters, bộ nhớ đệm dùng chung, kích thước buffer lớn).
Vị trí chèn lý tưởng trong nginx.conf Phù hợp nhất cho ngữ cảnh: http.server.location. Phù hợp nhất cho ngữ cảnh: main, http, http.server.
Namespace yêu cầu Phải nằm cùng Namespace với tài nguyên Route chứa nó. Phải nằm cùng Namespace với tài nguyên Gateway mà nó nhắm tới.
SnippetsFilter
SnippetsPolicy
k create ns infra-gateway32
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: coffee
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: coffee
spec:
containers:
- name: coffee
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: coffee
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: tea
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: tea
spec:
containers:
- name: tea
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: tea
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: gateway
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
port: 80
protocol: HTTP
hostname: "*.tuan.name.vn"
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /coffee
backendRefs:
- name: coffee
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /tea
backendRefs:
- name: tea
port: 80
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/tea
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
apiVersion: gateway.nginx.org/v1alpha1
kind: SnippetsFilter
metadata:
name: limit-except-sf
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
snippets:
- context: http.server.location
value: |
limit_except GET {
deny all;
}
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway32
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /coffee
filters:
- type: ExtensionRef
extensionRef:
group: gateway.nginx.org
kind: SnippetsFilter
name: limit-except-sf
backendRefs:
- name: coffee
port: 80
Test kiểm tra:
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee -X GET
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee -X POST
TESTED-33: ClientSettingsPolicy
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/client-settings/
• client_max_body_size: Dung lượng upload lên
• client_body_timeout:thời gian chờ body gửi lên hoàn tất
• keepalive_requests: lượng reuqest tối đa gửi trên 1 kết nối TCP, default là 1000
• keepalive_time: thời gian request tồn tại , default là 1 h
• keepalive_timeout : default 75s
• keepalive_min_timeout
Những phần có thể setting trong ClientSettingPolicy
spec <Object> -required-
body <Object>
maxSize <string>
timeout <string>
keepAlive <Object>
minTimeout <string>
requests <integer>
time <string>
timeout <Object>
header <string>
server <string>
Rút gọn bằng 4 lệnh sau:
kubectl -n ingra-gateway33 create deployment coffee --image=nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text --replicas=1 --port=8080
kubectl -n ingra-gateway33 expose deployment coffee --port=80 --target-port=8080 --name=coffee
kubectl -n ingra-gateway33 create deployment tea --image=nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text --replicas=1 --port=8080
kubectl -n ingra-gateway33 expose deployment tea --port=80 --target-port=8080 --name=tea
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: coffee
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: coffee
spec:
containers:
- name: coffee
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: coffee
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: tea
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: tea
spec:
containers:
- name: tea
image: nginxdemos/nginx-hello:plain-text
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
protocol: TCP
name: http
selector:
app: tea
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: gateway
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
gatewayClassName: nginx
listeners:
- name: http
port: 80
protocol: HTTP
hostname: "*.tuan.name.vn"
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: coffee
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: PathPrefix
value: /coffee
backendRefs:
- name: coffee
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
name: tea
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
parentRefs:
- name: gateway
sectionName: http
hostnames:
- "test.tuan.name.vn"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: Exact
value: /tea
backendRefs:
- name: tea
port: 80
---
apiVersion: gateway.nginx.org/v1alpha1
kind: ClientSettingsPolicy
metadata:
name: gateway-client-settings
namespace: infra-gateway33
spec:
targetRef:
group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
kind: Gateway
name: gateway
body:
maxSize: "50" # sizes without a unit are bytes. -> in production , maybe change to 500m
curl -vk --resolve test.tuan.name.vn:443:192.168.88.150 http://test.tuan.name.vn/coffee -XPOST -d 'this payload is greater than fifty bytes by four bytes'
< HTTP/1.1 413 Request Entity Too Large
UpstreamSettingsPolicy
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/upstream-settings/
Những thành phần có thể setting cho khối upstream {.....}
spec <Object> -required-
hashMethodKey <string>
keepAlive <Object>
connections <integer>
requests <integer>
time <string>
timeout <string>
loadBalancingMethod <string>
enum: round_robin, least_conn, ip_hash, hash, ....
Session-persistence
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/session-persistence/
Tương đương ip-hash để giữ phiên client connect đến backend
Session persistence ensures that multiple requests from the same client are consistently routed to the same backend Pod
spec <Object> -required-
hashMethodKey <string>
keepAlive <Object>
connections <integer>
requests <integer>
time <string>
timeout <string>
loadBalancingMethod <string>
enum: round_robin, least_conn, ip_hash, hash, ....
apiVersion: gateway.nginx.org/v1alpha1
kind: UpstreamSettingsPolicy
metadata:
name: lb-method
spec:
targetRefs:
- group: core
kind: Service
name: coffee
loadBalancingMethod: "ip_hash"
NginxGateway
Đây chính là pod controler của fabric trong namespace nginx-gateway. Ta có thể sửa log mode của pod controler này
# k get nginxgateways.gateway.nginx.org -A
NAMESPACE NAME AGE
nginx-gateway nginx-gateway-config 24d
# k -n nginx-gateway get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-gateway-f8f5c5455-vhdts 1/1 Running 18 (3h33m ago) 24d
# k -n nginx-gateway edit nginxgateways nginx-gateway-config
spec:
logging:
level: debug #info , debug, error
k -n nginx-gateway logs nginx-gateway-f8f5c5455-vhdts -f
NginxProxy
Sửa được rất nhiều thứ: https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/how-to/data-plane-configuration/
1. Mạng & Giao thức: Bật/tắt nhanh HTTP/2, chọn chuẩn IP (IPv4/IPv6), và cấu hình giữ nguyên IP gốc của người dùng (RewriteClientIP).
2. Hệ thống & Giám sát: Đổi cấp độ ghi log (như bật chế độ debug), format access log và cấu hình đẩy dữ liệu theo dõi hệ thống sang OpenTelemetry.
3. Tài nguyên Kubernetes: Thay đổi số lượng Pod (replicas), giới hạn phần cứng (CPU/RAM), hoặc vá cấu hình nâng cao (patches) cho Deployment, Service và DaemonSet của NGINX.
observabilitypolicies
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/monitoring/tracing/
proxysettingspolicies
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/proxy-settings/
• proxy_buffering
• proxy_buffer_size
• proxy_buffers
• proxy_busy_buffers_size
• proxy_connect_timeout
• proxy_read_timeout
• proxy_send_timeout
ratelimitpolicies
https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-gateway-fabric/traffic-management/rate-limit/
Kiến trúc GWAPI
Security cho GatewayAPI
1. Giới hạn NS cho GW và httpRoute
Không Nên nên